Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebias magnificuscomplex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the São Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae)
Authors
Wilson J. E. M. Costa1, Pedro F. Amorim1, José Leonardo O. Mattos1 1 Laboratory of Systematics and Evolution of Teleost Fishes, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68049, CEP 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Corresponding author: Wilson J. E. M. Costa (wcosta@acd.ufrj.br) Academic editor: D. Bloom | Received 14 March 2018 | Accepted 19 June 2018 | Published 30 July 2018 http://zoobank.org/95B76039-379B-475C-A7D2-000232EBB242 Citation: Costa WJEM, Amorim PF, Mattos JLO (2018) Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebias magnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the São Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141–158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
Figure 1. Caudal fin of live males of the Hypsolebias magnificus species complex. A - H. harmonicus, holotype, UFRJ 6696, 29.4 mm SL, B - H. gardneri sp. n., paratype, UFRJ 6797, 34.4 mm SL, C - H. hamadryades Costa sp. n., paratype, UFRJ 6895, 24.8 mm SL, D- H. magnificus, specimen from Gado Bravo, UFRJ 4959, 31.2 mm SL, E - H. magnificus, topotype not preserved, about 25 mm SL, F- H. picturatus. Paratype, UFRJ 5053, 38.6 mm SL. Photographs by WJEM Costa.
Figure 2. Hypsolebias gardneri sp. n. A live holotype, UFRJ 11859, male, 36.9 mm SL B live paratype, UFRJ 6797, female, 30.0 mm SL. Photographs by WJEM Costa.
Figure 3. Hypsolebias hamadryades sp. n. A live holotype, UFRJ 6893, male, 26.9 mm SL (caudal fin damaged and regenerated) B live paratype, UFRJ 6895, female, 21.2 mm SL. Photographs by WJEM Costa.
Abstract
A great diversity of animal species adapted to life in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil, including seasonal killifishes, has been reported in the last three decades. More recently, field and molecular data have shown a high occurrence of cryptic species. The killifish group herein analysed, the Hypsolebias magnificus species complex, is endemic to the middle and southern portion of the Caatinga, occupying about 120 km along the floodplains of the middle São Francisco River and some adjacent tributaries. Species of this complex are rare and presently considered threatened with extinction, being uniquely found in pools protected by trees and bushes. Single-locus delimitation methods were used to test species limits of populations displaying different colour patterns along the whole distribution of the complex. All analyses consistently supported the three nominal species and two new, herein described: H. gardneri Costa, sp. n., from the floodplains of the middle São Francisco River and H. hamadryades Costa, sp. n., from the Gorotuba River floodplains. The phylogenetic analysis highly supports H. hamadryades as sister to a clade comprising H. gardneri and H. harmonicus. Our field observations suggest that H. hamadryades is a miniature species. This study indicates that the H. magnificus complex comprises cryptic species apparently endemic to small areas and extremely vulnerable to environmental changes, deserving high concern.
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